Which learning theory emphasizes reinforcement to improve behavior?

Behaviorism is the learning theory that focuses on behaviors and the ways they can be modified through reinforcement or punishment. This theory is rooted in the idea that all behaviors are learned through interactions with the environment. Reinforcement, whether positive or negative, serves as a crucial mechanism in behaviorism, as it strengthens the likelihood of a behavior being repeated in the future. In this context, positive reinforcement involves providing a reward after a desired behavior is exhibited, while negative reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus when the desired behavior occurs.

The other theories mentioned do not primarily focus on reinforcement as a mechanism for behavior change. Cognitive theory emphasizes the mental processes involved in learning and understanding how individuals process information. Combined theory usually refers to an integration of various theories but does not specify reinforcement as its focus. Constructivist theory is centered around the idea that learners construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world, which is fundamentally different from behaviorism's emphasis on observable behaviors and external stimuli.